Interrupts In Operating Systems Computer Science Essay

Interrupts In Operating Systems Computer Science Essay To successfully control several processes the core of operating system makes utilize of what is known as interrupt. Interrupt is a machine used for implementing the multitasking concept. It is a signal from hardware or software to point out the incidence of the event. When one or more process running and at similar time if user give an additional process then interrupt is take place. If the CPU does not poll the control bit, but instead receives an interrupt when the device is ready for the next byte, the data transfer is said to be interrupt driven. A hardware interrupt occurs, when an I/O operation is done such as analysis some data into the computer from a tape drive. In additional term hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they need awareness from the operating system. Some familiar examples are a hard disk signaling that is has read a sequence of data blocks, or that a network device has processed a buffer containing network packets. Interrupts are also worn for asynchronous events, such as the appearance of new data from an exterior network. Hardware interrupts are delivered straight to the CPU via a little network of interrupt administration and routing devices. Hardware interrupts are referenced by an interrupt numeral. These statistics are mapped back to the section of hardware that produced the interrupt. This enables the system to monitor which device formed the interrupt and when it occurred. In most computer systems, interrupts are handled as speedily as possible. When an interrupt is acknowledged, any recent action is blocked and an interrupt handler is executed. The handler will anticipate any supplementary running programs and system actions, which can time-consuming the entire system down, and generate latencies. MRG Real-time modifies the way interrupts are handled in array to progress performance, and reduce latency. Software interrupts A software interrupt occurs when an application program terminates or needs definite services from the operating system. Software interrupt generated contained by a processor by executing an instruction. Software interrupt are frequently used to implemented system calls because they implemented a subroutine call with a CPU ring stage modify. Timed interrupts The timed interrupt is worn when a convinced event MUST happen at a specified frequency. Interrupt vector   An  interrupt vector  is the  memory address  of an  interrupt handler, or directory into a group called an  interrupt vector table  or  dispatch table. Interrupt vector tables include the memory addresses of interrupt handlers. When an interrupt  is generated, the processor saves its completing state through a  context switch, and begins effecting of the interrupt handler at the interrupt vector. Answer 2 Microkernel A Microkernel tries to run the majority services like networking, file system, etc. All thats left to do for the kernel are essential services, like memory allocation, scheduling, and messaging (Inter Process Communication). IPC Hardware Server S/W Kernel In theory, this model makes the kernel additional receptive (since a large amount of functionality resides in traceable user-space threads and processes, removing the require for context-switching into the kernel proper), and improves the constancy of the kernel by reducing the quantity of code running in kernel space. There are also supplementary benefits for OS that carry multi-CPU computers (much simpler reentrancy security and better correctness for asynchronous functionality) and distributed OS (code can use services without knowing if the service contributor is running on the similar computer or not). A disadvantage is the sum of messaging and Context Switching concerned, which makes microkernels conceptually slower than monolithic kernel. Modular Kernel A modular kernel is an effort to combine the excellent points of kernel-level drivers and moderator drivers. In a modular kernel, a few part of the system core will be situated in autonomous files called modules that can be additional to the system at run time. Depending on the substance of those modules, the aim can differ such as: just loading drivers if a device is in fact establish only load a file system if it gets really requested, just load the code for a precise scheduling, security or any policy when it should be evaluated. Modular and layered kernel compare and contrast The modular kernel approach requires subsystems to interrelate with each other through suspiciously constructed interfaces that are naturally narrow (in conditions of the functionality that is showing to external modules). The layered kernel moves toward is similar in that admiration. However, the layered kernel imposes a firm ordering of subsystems such that subsystems at the subordinate layers are not allowed to appeal to operations parallel to the upper-layer subsystems. There are no such limitations in the modular-kernel approach, wherein modules are open to invoke each other not including any constraints. Answer 3 What is a context switch? Context switching occurs when single  process  provisionally discontinues execution and an additional  process  resumes execution in its position. Context switching is performed by the  scheduler. To give each process on a multi-programmed machine a light contribute to of the CPU, hardware clock generates interrupts every so often. This allows the operating system to program every process in core memory (via scheduling algorithm) to run on the CPU at the same intervals. Every time a clock interrupt occurs, the interrupt handler checks how much time the recent running process has used. If it has used up its total time segment, then the CPU scheduling algorithm (in kernel) picks a dissimilar process to run. Each switch of the CPU from one process to a new is called a context switch. What actions are taken by a kernel to context switch? Actions are taken by a kernel to context switch surrounded by threads. The threads contribute to a lot of resources with more peer threads belonging to the equal process. So a context switch along with threads for the similar process is effortless. It involves switch of register position, the program counter along with the stack. It is comparatively easy for the kernel to achieve this task. Actions are taken by a kernel to context switch among Processes. Context switches among processes are exclusive. Ahead of a process can be switched its PCB (process control block) should be saved by the operating system. The PCB consists of the subsequent information: The process state, the program counter, the principles of the different registers, The CPU scheduling information for the process, Memory organization information concerning the process, Possible accounting information for this process, I/O status information of the process. When the PCB of the presently executing process is saved the operating system loads the PCB of the subsequently process that has to be performing on CPU. This is an important job and it takes a lot of time. Answer 4 System calls System calls are functions that a programmer can call to perform the services of the operating system. Processes that run in user mode and how processes and libraries can cause execution in kernel mode. The interface between these two modes is provided by  system calls. These are function calls that cause requests to be made to the kernel and the kernel to execute on behalf of those requests. Commands   UNIX System Calls   Libraries   File Formats   Games   Device Drivers   System Maintenance   System calls implemented by an operating system User cannot execute privileged instructions. Users must ask OS to execute them system calls. System calls are often implemented using traps. OS gains control through trap, switches to supervisor model, performs service, switches back to client mode, and gives control back to client. Dual mode The dual mode operation provides us with the resources for protecting the operating system from erroneous users. User mode and monitor mode are the two modes. Monitor mode is also called superintendent mode, system mode or privileged mode. Mode bit is attached to the hardware of the computer to point toward the present mode. In argument 0 mode bit is for monitor mode and 1 mode bit is for user mode. Application programming interface An application program interface is the precise technique set by a computer  operating system  or by an  application program  by which a programmer scripting an application program can create requirements of the operating system or a different application. An application program interface can be contrasted with a  graphical user interface  or a  command interface (both of which are direct  user interface) as interfaces to an operating system or a program. For example: Network application programming interface (API) The services that provide the interface between application and protocol software. Application Network API Protocol A Protocol B Protocol C Different methods of passing data to the operating system In a computer system having variety of memory address spaces, such as user space and kernel space, a technique and system is provided for communicating data. A data structure is distinct in the kernel space to stock up data. The data structure is nearly mapped to an application in user space such that the application can contact the data structure via virtual memory addresses. By directly accessing the data structure, data transfers between the address spaces using system calls and interrupts can be reduced. Answer 5 What is Process Scheduling? Process scheduling is a method that is used when there are limited assets and many processes are competing for them; Multiprogramming tries to make sure that there is a number of process running at all times. This is completed to utilize the CPU as much as possible. In timesharing system, the CPU switches so regularly between jobs grey_loader that the user does not experience that the machine is being mutual by many processes or even several users. What are the differences between short-term, medium-term, and long-term scheduling? Long term scheduler determines which programs are admitted to the system for processing. It controls the degree of multiprogramming. Once admitted, a job becomes a process. Medium term scheduling is division of the exchange utility. This relate to processes that are in a blocked or suspended state. They are swapped out of real-memory until they are prepared to execute. The swapping-in decision is based on memory-management criteria. Short term scheduler, also known as a dispatcher executes most regularly, and makes the finest-grained conclusion of which process should execute subsequently. This scheduler is invoked whenever an occasion occurs. It may direct to interruption of one process by pre-emption. Process state The state of process is distinct in fraction by the present activity of the process. Each process may be in one of the following states: New Running Waiting Ready Terminated These state names are random, and they differ across operating systems. The states that they correspond to are establishing on all operating systems, however. Certain operating systems more finely describe process states. Only one process can be running on any processor at any immediate, although numerous processes may be ready and waiting.

Infomatics Needs Assessment Essay

Changes in healthcare and advancements in technology have allowed for new and exciting opportunities to intergrade in the two fields. The government has supported healthcare facilities during this transition since 2009, by providing stimulus money to assist in the transition from paper to electronic medical records (EMR). The Obama administration will start fining healthcare facilities that have not made this transitioned to EMRs by 2015. In order to take advantage of this opportunity and to avoid fines, we must heed this mandate. Many facilities are finding it difficult to find the right system for their work places. This proves the importance of a needs assessment. â€Å"A needs assessment is a systematic set of procedures that are used to determine needs, examine their nature and causes, and set priorities for future action.† Need for Needs Assessment A needs assessment is an integral and necessary part to implementing change. Preforming this assessment will save money by preventing facilities from spending money on needless changes. During the process it is determined if there really is a need for this change. It also can provide alternative options if the original plan was found to be suboptimal. If the assessment determines that the plan for change is appropriate, the assessment will help set priorities and determine how to allocate resources such as people, money and facilities. Important considerations There are a few important aspects of this assessment that must be considered such as: definition of the need, the targeted group and consequences. During a needs assessment the â€Å"need† will have to be clearly defined. â€Å"A need is a discrepancy or gap between what is and what should be.† For the purposes of healthcare the gap is between paper medical records and electronic medical records. The targeted group most also be defined to ensure that the need fits the group. The question; is this a critical  change? Must be answered. Finally, the consequences for misfortune must also be addressed. In healthcare the facility must consider the consequences if implementation of the electronic medical record failed. They would be at a great finical loss. Collection of data Data from internal and external environment must be collected. Internal data can be collected from employees, and current technology. Employees can be interviewed for data or the facility can request surveys be filled out. External data can be collected from published literature, information from vendors, regulatory and accreditation requirements, information trending, and organizations like HIMSS or KLAS. HIMSS. Health care information and management systems, vision is to improve health care through incorporation of information technology. KLAS is an organization that collects feedback about healthcare systems and produces ratings. Both these organization can help narrow down the electronic medical record that will fit this facility. Members involved in needs assessment During the assessment the people affected should be consulted and directly involved in both the needs assessment and the designing of the program. In healthcare, doctors and nurses should be involved because they will be using the systems. Unit manger will be able to give a unique perspective to help with the functionality of the system and will also be able to boost morale regarding the change. Finally, the designers of the system should be included in the conferences with all other stakeholders. It is important the designers are present to help keep expectation as close to reality as possible. Conclusion All medical facilities are faced with the need to implement an electronic medical record in the upcoming years. It is important that this facility finds the right system the first time to avoid unnecessary finical loss. Preforming a needs assessment is the best way to aid in making the best decision. References (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2015, from http://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/account/compneedsassessment.pdf Why Is Assessment Important? (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2015, from http://www.edutopia.org/assessment-guide-importance DeSilets, Lynore D, EdD,R.N., B.C. (2006). Needs assessment. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 37(4), 148-9. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/223317102?accountid=458 Hebda, T., & Czar, P. (2013). Handbook of informatics for nurses & healthcare professionals (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson. KLAS Helps Healthcare Providers by Measuring Vendor Performance. (n.d.). Retrieved March 17, 2015, from http://www.klasresearch.com/ HIMSS – Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. (n.d.). Retrieved March 17, 2015, from http://www.himss.org/ Jackson, D. (2013, September 23). Most health care records now are electronic. Retrieved March 17, 2015, from http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/07/16/obama-electronic-health-care-r ecord-keeping/2521217/

African American Literature - 2022 Words

African-American Influence on American literature African American literature can be summarized as the writings of authors from African descent. In the United States, African descendents have had very different experiences from each others depending on where they lived. In the southern states of the United States, Blacks have been really oppressed until the Civil War, with the big part being illiterate well into the end of 1800. In the northern states ,Blacks had a considerable greater freedom, and with the end of the Civil War, a new and educated African American social class emerged. African American literature was influenced by these factors, and it varied greatly but it always held undeniable similarities, circling the Black†¦show more content†¦It became obvious to the African American population that they would not be able to equalize themselves with the White population, simply because they were not equals. Blacks had a strong sense of heritage that was linked to Africa, and their history in America had worked to make them into different Americans, with their own particular desires, folklore and culture. It was only in the 1920s that a new literature genre that had been appearing gradually would be classified and identified as an African-American literature. The movement that promoted this new notion of a literature that had its foundation built on the African American experience was the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance marked a historical period in African American history. This movement offered the African American community an active voice, a way through which the African American community could for the first time transport to the greater America their history, life, culture and afflictions. The most important publishers and critics for the first time took African American literature seriously, and with this recognition came national attention and notoriety. No longer was the rich African American literature for his own community, this literature gained momentum and established the African American community as part of America. The Harlem Renaissance was made poss ible by a change in the social status of African Americans.Show MoreRelatedAfrican American Literature And Literature Essay1957 Words   |  8 PagesAfrican American literature  is the body of work produced in the  United States  by writers of African descent. This particular genre traces back to the works from the late eighteenth century by writers such as  Phillis Wheatley to later reaching early high points with slave narratives and the Harlem Renaissance, and thus continuing today with authors such as  Colson Whitehead and Maya Angelou. Among the themes and issues explored within African American literature are the roles of African Americans withinRead More Essay on Literacy in African-American Literature2284 Words   |  10 PagesLevels of Literacy in African-American Literature - Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Song of Solomon, and Push      Ã‚  Ã‚   Through literacy will come emancipation. So runs a theme throughout the various selections we have read thus far. But emancipation comes in many forms, as does literacy. The various aspects of academic literacy are rather obvious in relation to emancipation, especially when one is confronted with exclusion from membership in the dominant culture. In the various slaveRead MoreAfrican American Literature : The Black Poets1727 Words   |  7 PagesI would define African American Literature as literature created by authors of the African America race. It started with slave narratives and during the Harlem Renaissance attention was brought to the arts of African American artiest, poets, musicians, and authors. African American Literature is more than slave narratives. It is heartfelt stories of lost love, justices, death, and finding one’s own strength. African American literature comes in the form of poetry, short stories, non-fiction and fictionRead MoreWomen, Afric an Americans And Literature1747 Words   |  7 PagesWomen, African-Americans Literature in the Progressive Era One of the greatest turning points in American history was the Progressive era due to the advancements and social responses led by women and people of color. Many depictions of this era through secondary sources can be used to see the conflicts faced by the individuals of the time period and the political movement that ensued right after. Many favorable outcomes resulted from this time period including the start of reformation from womenRead More Death and the African American Literature2497 Words   |  10 Pagesinnocent African Americans. It has also robbed a whole race of their identities, heritages and cultures. Throughout the myriad of novels, excerpts, poems, videos and other forms of literature that we encountered in this course, it is unmistakable that the African American literary tradition demonstrates that the past (the unbelievable sufferings of African Americans) can never be arrested and forgotten. The many that have perished at the feet of racism are the history of Af rican Americans themselvesRead MoreThe Themes Of African American Literature1345 Words   |  6 PagesWithin African American Literature, there are many themes that are relatable across many different forms of media. Paintings, for example, can have similar and contradictory themes to those that are used in African American Literature. Like authors with their literature, artists too take from their experiences and opinions and form a creation that is a reflection of what they believe. These creations, both literature and paintings, can contain certain topics that are quite alike. Ellis Wilson, andRead MoreThe Age Of African American Literature927 Words   |  4 PagesWheatley was the first African American to have her work published and is known as the mother of African American literature. Wheatley was brought into slavery and she was very fortunate to have masters that allowed her to learn to read and write. In the 18th century, it was very rare to find an African American who w as educated and with Whitley being a female it was even more surprising. Her vernacular was very broad and she was not timid about letting her voice be heard. In fact, you can imagineRead MoreFeminism and Racism in African American Literature1883 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout literature, feminism and racism have played crucial roles in the lives of the characters and plotlines in stories and novels. Audiences are captivated by the drama a character must face in order to succeed in life or society. This struggle to overcome personal discrimination and adversity has transcended centuries and genres of literature. African American literature is no exception. Authors of African American literature would base the events that were taking place in the world aroundRead MoreAfrican American Literature By Frederick Douglass1776 Words   |  8 Pagesof African American literature still discussed today. His works continue to inspire black readers across the country, along with millions wor ldwide, through powerful and brilliant writing. The role he plays in the history of African American literature is crucial, using his position as a valued black writer to represent the race’s fight against slavery and social injustice. The speech Douglass gave during the celebration of the Fourth of July is one the most admired works in African American literatureRead MoreThe Influence Of The Harlem Renaissance On African American Literature1144 Words   |  5 PagesThe Affect of the Harlem Renaissance on African American Literature The second half of the eighteenth century introduced a new expression to the literary world. The new expression was a voice that belonged to the African American writers. The African American writers wrote with a flair and brought a new perspective to the realm of literature. Literature, as America had known it, consisted of works from Christopher Columbus, John Smith, William Bradford, and Mary Rowlandson; these writers captured

Want to Know How to Read College Textbooks Ask the Students!

Throughout their college years, students deal with lots of reading assignments. The amount of reading often exceeds the time resources that students have. Fortunately, they know how to cut the costs on college textbooks because there are a lot of them to buy. You might think at first that, in order to be successful and get good grades, you should buy and read everything you’re assigned. Instead, the real academic success depends not on how much you read, but on how much important information you get from reading. While your professors insist that you should read everything, smart students understand that it isn’t the way to learn. In this article, we’ll take a look at some tips from smart students on how to deal with a lot of reading without having to read absolutely everything. The trick is to get the juice out of your textbook and to do it as efficiently as possible. Starting the Chapter First of all, right before reading the assigned chapter, try to pay attention to the objectives at the beginning of the chapter. Then go to the summary or the key points at the end of this chapter. The objectives will tell you what you should focus on the most, and the summary points will suggest what exactly you should know to be prepared for the class or the upcoming test. Everything That Stands out When you’ve done with the objectives and the summary, it’s time to tackle the chapter itself. When reading the body of the chapters, you shouldn’t pay attention to the entire text. It is better to concentrate on everything that â€Å"stands out†. That would be paragraph titles and subtitles, bolded terms and new concepts, or italicized fragments of text. Read Graphs and Tables Next, here is one really important tip —  pay attention to the visuals. Textbooks are often stuffed with visual information in the form of graphs, charts, tables, or pictures. They often contain something important or help you understand the material better. What’s more, they are always explained below through the means of text. It basically repeats the information in a graph. So, read the graphs and skip those large pieces of text which explain the visuals. The First Two Sentences Textbooks are structured in a very formal way. That is the one that obliges us to start each paragraph with the topic sentence. It is, in fact, the most important element of the paragraph: it states the main issue discussed in this paragraph. The second sentence usually provides an explanation. In case the information you’ve obtained from those two sentences was not enough for you to understand the chapter, you might want to read the entire chapter in order to get a whole picture and to be better prepared for the class. Take Notes Taking notes is essential for those who want to practice active reading, rather than passive reading. Reading actively means that you’re interacting with the text. Don’t just write down exactly what you see in the book; always paraphrase it in your own words. This tip is especially helpful when you are doing a writing assignment based on the textbook you need to read. Despite the fact that most time-saving techniques and strategies help you become more efficient in your studies, they do not help in absolutely every case. When you read your textbook and skip through the main points, it is always better to spend a little more time on some extra reading than missing the point altogether. In other words, you should always look forward to saving some time, but you should also be prepared to your tests and exams. Always make sure that you are actually learning, not just reading.

If I DidnT Grow Up In The Middle Class . Growing Up In

If I Didn t Grow Up in the Middle Class Growing up in the city of Brook Park, a nice little suburb located in northeast Ohio. I never really imagined how life could be differently if I grew up in a different social class. Up to this point in my life, my family has mainly been a middle class family. Money isn t thrown around in my family like its nothing, but we ve had a very good living style due to the hard work of my parents. Many times growing up my parents always told me to be grateful for what we have and to never complain because there s people out there who would love to have what we have as a family. If I lived in the poverty living level instead of the middle class, the social part of my life would be different in many†¦show more content†¦As a child I was lucky enough to have this experience with my family but I may not have had this opportunity if it wasn t for growing up in the middle class. Vacations are very expensive, especially when they are only a week long and families spend thousands of dollars on them. That would be a lot of extra money for families to come up with, especially families who aren t in the higher low class or middle class and annual income per adult averages between $18,000-$30,000 per year.(Cliffsnotes) Not having those vacation experiences would be a huge loss and I wouldn’t have had some of my best childhood experiences with my family. Show me your friends, I ll show you your future. This quote is one of my favorite quotes of all time, which I heard from a speech given by Jim Tressel.I ve been surrounded around great friends my whole life, and I believe they take a big part in why I have a pretty bright future. They have always been great influences around me, and are always telling me what the right and wrong things are to do. Friends are like a second family to most people, if you aren t with your family your with you friends. Its very important to have a good stable friend group that help lead you into the right path. Growing up in my town there was the fair share of drugs and violence but not as bad as some neighborhoods where the price of living is low. If I were to grow up in a different social class, I could have been raised up in town where crime and drugsShow MoreRelatedMy Most Formative Memories Of The South1273 Words   |  6 PagesI was raised in the south nestled in a small town outside of an even sma ller city in North Carolina. Growing up in the south was an education on it’s on. For starters, I was not short of discipline. I realized that a lot of my friends’ parents just â€Å"negotiated† with them from age two and beyond. This is not acceptable in the south. One of my most formative memories is being popped in the mouth by my grandmother in front of the entire line at Winn-Dixie because I called her a name - one that rhymesRead MoreSelf Perception800 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom cultural aspects. I have had it very rough in life growing up since childhood being raised in a low income town as the oldest girl of four of three other female children; I was forced to grow up fast in life. My mother gave birth to me and all of my sisters in Ansonia, CT which is a small town where just about everyone knows each other and knows your all of your business. My social status was low class but most of the families there were and very few were middle class, but we all a ttended schoolsRead MorePrivate Education Vs. Public Education864 Words   |  4 Pageseducation. I attended a private Christian school from grades Kindergarten through eighth. My father believed a private education would be the best option for me. Our class sizes were very small. Each grade level had around forty students, but we were split equally into two individual classes. The majority of the eighth grade class consisted of the same students that we started Kindergarten with. We had grown up together and helped one another grow. A few months into my eighth grade year, I transferredRead MoreEssay on The Importance of a Personal ´s Life in Speak806 Words   |  4 Pagesin any middle school classroom and offers many valuable life lessons to young teens. Throughout someone’s experience of reading this inspiring novel, he or she can come to realize how important art can be in a person’s life. Mr. Freeman, Melinda’s art teacher, helps Melinda understand that life is like art. When a mistake is made in life, there is a chance to start anew, just like erasing a drawing and starting over. Mr. Freeman introduced his class by saying, â€Å"Welcome to the only class that willRead MoreRole Of Women During The Nineteenth Century1456 Words   |  6 PagesIn the last decades of the nineteenth century, United Stated encountered an urban migration; it was something different and never experienced before. As factories began to open up across the Midwestern and Northern countryside, cities grew up around them. A whole new world was introduced, bringing a mixture of both positive and negative effects into the American society. While the new elite, big businesses, and the American economy in general, enjoyed the benefits of ind ustrialization, many AmericansRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Outsiders1661 Words   |  7 PagesOutsiders, the author S.E Hinton explains the story of a young boy named Ponyboy and the struggle to survive, to find out the rights and wrongs in society, taking on difficult challenges like social class, loved ones, loyalty and rivalry between two different social classes . The question is brought up, is the American Dream fact ? Or fiction ? According to the knowledge that has been given, Through documentaries, articles and a novel. The American Dream is what you could describe as an allusion.Read MoreMy Parents Always Encouraged Me909 Words   |  4 Pagesyears, I now see that yes indeed reading did expand my mind and in the unimaginable ways as well as helped me grow as an individual. Reading has impacted me both in positive and negative aspects. Whenever I was read to or I reading to myself I remember Dr. Seuss words â€Å"The more you read the more things you know. The more that you learn the more places you’ll go† and day by day seeing the truth of those words. I always tried to imply books as much as possible in all my education especially when I don’tRead MoreGrowing Up Is A Hard Thing For Me1554 Words   |  7 PagesGrowing up was a hard thing for me to do. Don’t get me wrong, what I mean by that is not that it was hard for me to grow or develop literally, but that it was very hard to grow up mentally. When I was in high school an event happen to me that completely changed my life from being a typical average high school kid who didn’t care about school, to a hard working dedicated student. Life can change in an instant, and change everything in an instant too. it happened to me once, and I am truly happy thatRead MoreBest Two Things Of My Life1398 Words   |  6 Pagesof me. From toddler to adult, I have managed to sharpen both skills to my liking. However, even though it significantly helped, schooling was not what influenced me to continue developing those skills to talent. Many different things shaped and influenced my learning in my country, and now reading and writing have become the safety net of my life. I know that even if I have nothing else in the future, I will still have my talent and knowledge. To ensure my success, I hope to further develop thoseRead MoreBeing Bullied987 Words   |  4 PagesBeing Bullied When I was in middle school I was bullied. No one should ever have to go through what I went through as a young middle school child. It can cause a lot of damage to one’s self esteem, and it can cause health problems down the road. Now that I have children of my own, I want to make sure they know that they do not have to go through what I went through growing up and being bullied. I try to make sure that my children know there are ways to deal with a bully. And I try to help my children

Data Analysis Free Essays

To analyze the time series data, a statistical software (STATA) was used. In time series data analysis important required condition is stationarity of the data set. To test whether the time series is stationary or not, the two tests are used; the ADF (Augmented Dickey Fuller) test and Zivot and Andrews test for unit root. We will write a custom essay sample on Data Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both of these tests have same null hypothesis that the series is non-stationary (unit root process). For ADF unit root test we need lag length for the given time series variables. The lag length is selected by using information criteria (HQIC, AIC, SBIC) mentioned in section [2.2]. We performed the unit root tests with both trend and constant. It is important because the graphs of the time series variables gives an indication, whether we will include the trend term in the model or not. We can check the t value as well for inclusion of trend term in the model. The graph of immigration, unemployment and inflation shows that these series have time trend, but GDP growth rate series has no trend. The Table 4 summarizes the results of ADF test at levels. The given table consists of test statistics value and p-value. In case of variable GROWTH, the hypothesis was rejected and we can say that GDP growth rate is stationary at levels. The remaining variables IMMIG, UNEMP and INF are non-stationary at levels. All these three variables are non-stationary, when ADF test is performed with trend and intercept in the model. Table 4: Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test for Unit Root at levelsVariables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) P-value Test statistics P-valueIMMIG -0.838 0.8077 -2.825 0.1881UNEMP -1.398 0.5833 -2.503 0.3265GROWTH -5.671 0.0000 -5.587 0.0000INF -1.313 0.6231 -3.163 0.1032Since the series (IMMIG, UNEMP and INF) are not-stationary at levels, we take first difference for these three series. After taking the first differenced for IMMIG, UNEMP and INF series, the ADF test are then performed, as shown in table 5. Now these three variables are stationary at the first difference and they are said to be integrated of first order. Table 5: Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test for Unit Root at first differenceVariables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) P-value Test statistics P-valueIMMIG -6.516 0.0000 -6.520 0.0000UNEMP -4.582 0.0001 -4.523 0.0014INF -7.967 0.0000 -7.891 0.0000 The results obtained from Zivot and Andrews test of unit are shown table 6. GDP growth rate has same results like in previous tests which is stationary at level with constant and trend and without trend. Unemployment rate and immigration are non-stationary series with or without trend. The inflation rate is stationary without trend but non-stationary when including trend term in the model. Zivot and Andrews test was reformed after taking first difference of the three non-stationary time series. The unemployment, immigration and inflation rate have a strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis of unit root at first difference.Table 6. Zivot and Andrew unit root test for structural break (at levels)Variables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) Break Year Test statistics Z(t) Break YearIMMIG -4.167 2006 -3.698 2002UNEMP -5.313 1992 -3.841 1997GROWTH -6.001*** 1994 -5.180*** 2005INF -5.025** 1992 -3.830 1977Note: significant at 10% level, **significant at 5% level, *** significant at 1% level Table 7. Zivot and Andrew unit root test for structural break (at first difference)Variables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) Test statistics Z(t)D. IMMIG -7.032*** -6.413***D.UNEMP -5.600*** -4.632**D.INF -7.092*** -6.896*** Note: *significant at 10% level, **significant at 5% level, *** significant at 1% level The empirical results of vector autoregressive model are investigated in the form of Granger causality test and Impulse response function. In this thesis, the time series variables used on levels to perform VAR model, because GDP growth rate is stationary on level and the remaining three variables (IMMIG, UNEMP and INF) are stationary at first difference. As mentioned in section [2.1], various studies have indicated that vector auto regressive model can be estimated on levels of variables.The information criterion is used to select the lag length for a vector autoregressive model with four time series variables. The three information criterion (HQIC, AIC, SBIC) gives same lag length, which is two. But we preferred SBIC for selecting the lag length. After computing the results of vector autoregressive model, there is need to test for autocorrelation of residuals and stability of the model. The LM Test for Residual Autocorrelation is used to test for autocorrelation. The results of the test shows that there is no evidence of autocorrelation found between the residuals. The resulting VAR model gives all eigenvalues less than one and these eigenvalues lies inside the unit circle shown in appendix [A4], which confirms that estimated VAR model is stable.The Granger causality test is performed by using the results of VAR model. Table 8 shows the results of Granger-causality. The null and alternative hypotheses is used for immigration variable are H_0: Immigration does not Granger cause unemployment rateH_1: Immigration granger causes the unemployment rate H_0: Immigration does not granger cause GDP growth rate H_1: Immigration granger causes the GDP growth rate ? H?_0: Immigration does not Granger cause inflation rate H_1: Immigration granger causes the inflation rateIn first column of table 8 the null hypothesis is shown and degree of freedom is in 2nd column. The next two columns give test statistics value and p-value. We set the level of significance to be at 5%. The degree of freedom for all pairs is used 2, because the estimated VAR model has lag length 2. The results obtained from granger causality test for first null hypothesis have p-value 0.194, which is a clear evidence that we cannot reject null hypothesis. It showed that immigration does not granger cause unemployment rate. For hypothesis about effect of immigration on GDP growth rate, the p-value is 0.35, which means again that we cannot reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the immigration does not granger cause GDP growth rate. The same results found in case of immigration and inflation rate hypothesis, where the p-value is 0.186. It is found that immigrations do not granger cause inflation rate. In these three cases we cannot reject the null hypothesis. Table 8: Engle-Granger test for Causality:Null Hypothesis df Chi-sq Prob chi-sq decision IMMIG does not granger cause UNEMP 2 3.2787 0.194 Do not reject H0IMMIG does not granger cause GROWTH 2 2.1011 0.350 Do not reject H0IMMIG does not granger cause INF 2 3.3626 0.186 Do not reject H0The impulse response function obtained from vector autoregressive model results are presented in figures (6-9). The impulse response function in the figure (7) shows the response of unemployment rate after a shock in the immigration. At first two steps, the resulting effect is negative, but after two steps it has a positively increasing trend till the fourth step. At the fourth step it has a maximum value near 2 and after fourth step it goes down, which eventually disappeared at sixth step. The impulse response function in this case build an idea that immigrations have positive short run relationship with unemployment.The figure (8) displays the response of growth rate to a shock in immigrations. It shows the negative relation in first three years. After the third year, it tends towards positive side and after sixth year it fades away. In figure (9) the response of inflation rate to a shock in immigration show that in first three years it has positive value. But after third years, it is going towards negative side till sixth year and after sixth year it has no effect. It shows that in first years immigration and inflation have positive significance short run relationship and after this period it has negative relation till sixth year. Figure 6: Graph of Impulse Response Function Figure 7: Response of UNEMP to a shock in IMMIG Figure 8: Response of GROWTH to a shock in IMMG Figure 9: Response of INF to a shock in IMMG ? ConclusionsThe main objective of this thesis is to investigate the effect of immigration on macro-economic variables in Sweden. In this study unemployment rate, GDP growth rate and inflation rate are considered as the economic variables. The annual data for period 1970-2014 is used to examine the relationship between these variables in Sweden. We estimated VAR model for a short run relationship. The estimated VAR model satisfied the stability condition and by using Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test for autocorrelation, it was made sure that there is no autocorrelation between the residuals at any lag order 2. The granger causality analysis performed by using the results of VAR model. The granger causality results shows that the immigration does not effect the unemployment rate, growth rate and inflation rate in Sweden during the study period. It is concluded that immigration has no short run relationship with these three macro-economic variables. The results obtained from impulse response function shows that the immigration has short run positive relationship with the unemployment rate after first few years. On the other hand, the immigration have negative effect on growth rate in first three periods, but after these periods, the reverse effect has been observed. There is a positive relationship found in first two years between immigration and inflation rate. But after two years it has negative relationship between immigration and inflation rate. The impulse response function results shows that immigration affect these economic variables for five to six periods and after that it have no such effect. This indicates that in the beginning the immigrants does not participate in the economic growth. One probable cause of this could be the exposure to a new language in Sweden, which produces language barriers. Which also verifies that the GDP growth rate becomes static relative to the immigrations after few years, since language barrier is a temporary effect. However, considering more economic variables which could be affected by the immigration may lead to more findings in Sweden’s economic growth. Moreover, increasing the sample size of the study variables could yield more improved results. How to cite Data Analysis, Papers

Ancient Astronomy Essay Example For Students

Ancient Astronomy Essay Science Assignment1) A supernova is an explosion, triggered by the collapse andexplosion of a massive star. There are two types of supernova explosion inthe universe, called Type I and Type II. The remains of the core of a starthat has gone supernova is a neutron star. These stars give off radio wavescalled pulsars. When a huge star goes supernova, the gravity of the corebecomes so strong that even light cannot escape it. This is called a Blackhole. On occasion, throughout the centuries, astronomers have been puzzled by theappearance of, as they phrased it, new stars in the sky. For instance, inJuly 1054 AD, Chinese astronomers noted the appearance of a guest star(as they called it) in the constellation Taurus. The guest star was visiblein broad daylight for three weeks, and was visible at night for two yearsbefore it faded into invisibility. Astronomers also study supernovae because they are rare, luminous, andfairly brief events. There are only about one per century in our galaxy. 2) Normal forces give us the sensation of having weight. If we removethe supporting force, we have the sensation of apparent weightlessness.For example, a skydiver feels weightless before opening the parachute andin and the unlikely event of an elevator breaking loose, you would alsoexperience weightlessness. Certain amusement park rides are designed toremove the supporting force and induce a feeling of weightlessness. Galileo correctly concluded that in free fall, all objects must fall at thesame rate. While in orbit our astronauts are constantly falling. Sinceeverything around them is also falling and everything falls at the samerate, they have a continuing experience of weightlessness. Some of the very real effects to the human body of this apparentweightlessness include:1. Loss of bone mass (similar to osteoporosis)2. Reduced total blood volume, particularly loss of red blood cells3. Giddy, light-headed feeling4. Space sickness with nausea and vomiting5. Decrease of heart size6. Nasal congestion7. Muscle weakness3) To determine the movement of a star through the universe,scientists use a method called red shift. There are 3 different types ofred shift and two are used to find the movement of stars. The Doppler Redshift results from the relative motion of the light emitting object and theobserver. If the source of light is moving away from you then thewavelength of the light is stretched out, i.e., the light is shiftedtowards the red. These effects, individually called the blue shift, and thered shift are together known as Doppler shifts. The other red shift used to find the motion of stars is the CosmologicalRed shift. This is a red shift caused by the expansion of space. Thewavelength of light increases as it traverses the expanding universebetween its point of emission and its point of detection by the same amountthat space has expanded during the crossing time. 4) Sunspots are regions on the solar surface that appear dark becausethey are cooler than the surrounding photosphere. They are believed to becaused by intense magnetic fields interfering with the bubbles of hot gas. They are only dark in a relative sense; a sunspot removed from the brightbackground of the Sun would glow quite brightly. The largest sunspotsobserved have had diameters of about 50,000 km, which makes them largeenough to be seen with the naked eye. Sunspots often come in groups with asmany as 100 in a group, though sunspot groups with more than about 10 arerelatively rare. Sunspots develop and persist for periods ranging fromhours to months, and are carried around the surface of the Sun by itsrotation. .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679 , .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679 .postImageUrl , .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679 , .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679:hover , .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679:visited , .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679:active { border:0!important; } .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679:active , .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679 .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7316f34614fce5eecbf957d7e172a679:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Old Man And The Sea Essay SummarySolar flares emit radiation that includes x-rays and ultraviolet rays,charged particles called protons and electrons, and powerful particles withno electric charge, called neutrons. This radiation surge may damageelectrical power systems, interfere with telecommunications, wreck high-tech ship navigation systems, harm an astronaut in space, or create thespectacular Northern and Southern lights, aurora. 5) The Big Bang Theory is the dominant scientific theory about theorigin of the universe. It states that the universe was created between 10and 20 billion years ago from the random, cosmic explosion of a subatomicball that hurled matter and energy in all directions. Then over a period ofapproximately 10 billion years, this newly created matter and energycoagulated into stars, galaxies and planets, including our earth. This theory was first introduced by in Albert Einstein in 1905. Anotherscientist, Edwin Hubble, observed that distant galaxies in every directionare going away from us at speeds proportional to their distance. The bigbang concept was initially suggested because it explains why distantgalaxies are travelling away from us at great speeds. The theory alsopredicts the existence of cosmic background radiationThe Big Bang Theory has many significant problems. Besides conflicting withthe 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics, the Big Bang Theory contradicts theLaw of Conservation of Angular Momentum. Everything in the universe isspinning planets, stars, galaxies, etc. It would take an enormous amountof energy to start a planet spinning. Many other contradictions have alsobeen noted making this theory very unstable. 6) Most telescopes are on the ground. The advantage of this is that onthe ground, you can deploy a heavier telescope and upgrade it more easily. The trouble is that Earth-bound telescopes must look through the Earthsatmosphere. This is a problem because, firstly the Earths atmosphereblocks out a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum, allowing a narrowband of visible light to reach the surface. Second, the Earths atmosphereblurs the light it lets through. By orbiting above the Earths atmosphere,satellites in space, such as the Hubble, can get clearer images. In fact,even though Hubble has a mirror 15 times smaller than large Earth-boundtelescopes, it can still resolve detail almost 100 times finer. -SC1